A Glossary of Photographic Terms N - Z
ND Filter or Neutral
Density Filter
A filter that attenuates light evenly over the visible light spectrum. It reduces
the light entering a lens, thus forcing the iris to open to its maximum.
Negative
The developed film that contains a reversed tone image of the original scene.
Negative Holder
A device designed to hold the negative in proper position in an enlarger.
Neutral density
filter
Describes a grey camera filter which has a equal opacity to all colours of the
spectrum and so does not affect the colours in the final image. It is used to
reduce the amount of light entering the camera when apertures or shutter must
remain constant.
Newton rings
A pattern of concentric, multi-coloured, rainbow like rings occasionally introduced
into a scanned or enlarged image and caused by contact of the transparency,
or negative film, with the glass plate used in some scanners or enlargers. Using
Anti Newton glass within the negative carrier/scanner can reduce or eliminate
the rings.
Nickel cadmium (NiCad)
Rechargeable batteries that use an alkaline electrolyte. They have a longer
life than non-rechargeable batteries. NiCad batteries have a memory, so they
need to be run all the way down before recharging. Otherwise, they will begin
to run out of power sooner.
Nickel metal hydride
(NiMH)
A rechargeable battery that lasts longer than a NiCad and has no memory, so
it is easier to manage.
Normal Lens
A lens that makes the image in a photograph appear in perspective similar to
that of the original scene. A normal lens has a shorter focal length and a wider
field of view than a telephoto lens, and a longer focal length and narrower
field of view than a wide-angle lens. With 35mm cameras the standard lens is
usually 50mm.
Notching code
Notches cut in the margin of sheet film so that the type of film and its emulsion
side can be identified in the dark.
Off-The-Film Metering
A meter which determines exposure by reading light reflected from the film during
picture-taking.
Ortho (Orthochromatic)
Denotes film sensitive to blue and green light.
Opacity
The degree to which an object blocks light. Technically, opacity is expressed
as a ratio of the incident light to the transmitted light.
Opening up
Is increasing the size of the lens aperture or decreasing the shutter speed
to admit more light to the film.
Optical axis
Is an imaginary line passing horizontally through the centre of a compound lens
system.
Optical viewfinder
A viewfinder system that shows a similar view to that seen by the camera lens
( as on 35mm compact cameras ) Useful because it uses no power, but can cause
parallax and focus errors.
Optical Zoom
An optical zoom is made to bring you closer to your subject, without you having
to move. Zooms are constructed to allow a continuously variable focal length,
without disturbing focus. To achieve this, the optical zoom uses a combination
of lenses that magnify the image prior to being registered at high resolution
by the sensor. While the digital zoom only changes the presentation of existing
data, the optical zoom actually augments the data collected by the sensor. Optical
zooms are superior to digital zooms.
Orthochromatic (
Ortho film )
Black-and-white emulsions that are not equally sensitive to all colours of light.
They are more sensitive to blue and green, but not sensitive to red light.
Out-of-focus
Refers to an image created when the rays of light passing through a lens fall
upon a plane in front of or beyond the point at which they converge to form
a sharp image. Out-of-focus images appear blurred or fuzzy.
Overdevelop
To give more than normal the amount of development.
Overexposure
A condition in which too much light reaches the film, producing a dense negative
or a very light slide.
Oxidation
Loss of chemical activity due to contact with oxygen in the air.
Paper base
Is the support for the emulsion used in printing papers.
Paper Characteristic
Curve
This curve describes a graphical relationship between exposure values (horizontal
axis) and image density (vertical axis) of a printing paper. Each brand of paper
may have a different initial characteristic curve and graded paper curves will
be different than variable contrast paper curves. The shape of the curve can
be altered by different developers, development times, temperatures, and toning.
Paper safe
Is a light-tight container for unexposed photographic papers, with an easy open
positive closing lid.
Paper grade
Is a numerical terminological description of paper contrast: numbers 0-1 soft;
numbers 2 normal; number 3 hard; number 4-5 very hard; number 6 ultra hard.
Similar grade number from different manufactures do not have the same characteristics.
Pan (Panchromatic)
Designation of films that record all colours in tones of about the same relative
brightness as the human eye sees in the original scene, sensitive to all visible
wave-lengths.
Panning
Moving the camera so that the image of a moving object remains in the same relative
position in the viewfinder as you take a picture.
Panorama
A broad view, usually scenic.
Panoramic camera
Camera with a special type of scanning lens which rotates. Or a static lens
camera with a wide format e.g. 6cm x 17cm.
Parallax
With a lens-shutter camera, parallax is the difference between what the viewfinder
sees and what the camera records, especially at close distances. This is caused
by the separation between the viewfinder and the picture-taking lens. There
is no parallax with single-lens-reflex cameras because when you look through
the viewfinder, you are viewing the subject through the picture-taking lens.
Parallax error
Occurs when shooting very close up with a viewfinder camera. The photographer
does not see an accurate indication of the subjects position relative to the
lens, so parts of the subject that he or she thinks will be photographed are
missing on the final photograph. Parallax error is overcome in more expensive
compact and viewfinder cameras which adjust the viewfinder to compensate for
the distance the subject is away from the camera.
Parallax focus
Focusing system in some compact cameras that compensates for the difference
between viewfinder and lens placement.
Perforations
Regularly and accurately spaced holes punched throughout the length of 35 mm
film for still cameras.
Photo File Index
Print
A basic system feature that makes ordering reprints and enlargements easy; the
small print shows a positive, "thumbnail"-sized version of every picture
on an Advanced Photo System film roll; accompanies all prints and negatives
returned in the sealed film cassette by the photo-finisher; each thumbnail picture
is numbered on the index print to match negative frames inside the cassette.
Photomontage
A photographic composition assembled from pieces of different photographs or
of different negatives, closely arranged or superimposed upon each other. Sometimes
graphic material is added to the combination.
Pincushion distortion
A lens aberration or defect that causes straight lines to bow inward toward
the centre of the image.
Pinhole
1. A small clear spot on a negative usually caused by dust on the film during
exposure or development or by a small air bubble that keeps developer from the
film during development.
2. The tiny opening in a pinhole camera that produces an image.
Pinhole Camera.
A simple camera that utilises the properties of the pinhole lens.
Plane of focus
The point in a camera where all the light rays converge, forming a sharp image.
In a camera, this corresponds to the film plane.
Polarizing Screen
(Filter)
A filter that transmits light traveling in one plane while absorbing light traveling
in other planes. When placed on a camera lens or on light sources, it can eliminate
undesirable reflections from a subject such as water, glass, or other objects
with shiny surfaces. This filter also darkens blue sky.
Point and shoot
A term used for a simple, easy to use camera with a minimum of user controls.
Generally the user turns the camera on , aims it at the subject and presses
the shutter button. The camera does everything automatically.
Polarizing filter
A filter that reduces reflections from non-metallic surfaces such as glass or
water by blocking light waves that are vibrating at selected angles to the filter.
Also used to darken a blue sky, thusly making clouds stand out more.
Polaroid back
A camera back that uses instant film for proofing a scene (checking lighting,
composition & basic exposure ) before shooting with traditional film.
Positive
The opposite of a negative, an image with the same tonal relationships as those
in the original scenes-for example, a finished print or a slide.
Pre-soak
To soak film briefly in water prior to immersing it in developer.
Primary colours
The set of colours that can be mixed to produce all the colours in a colour
space; in additive systems they are red, green, and blue, while in subtractive
systems they are cyan, magenta, and yellow.
Print
A positive picture, usually on paper, and usually produced from a negative.
Printing Frame
A device used for contact printing that holds a negative against the photographic
paper. The paper is exposed by light from an external light source.
Printing-in
(See Burning-in)
Processing
Developing, fixing, and washing exposed photographic film or paper to produce
either a negative image or a positive image.
Program Exposure
An exposure mode on an automatic or auto focus camera that automatically sets
both the aperture and the shutter speed for proper exposure.
Projected Frame
See Finder, View Finder.
Pull processing
Decreasing the effective speed of film, often to compensate for a mistake in
setting ISO. It is usually done by decreasing the development time or the temperature
of the developer.
Push
To expose film at a higher film speed rating than the normal, then to compensate
in part for the resulting underexposure by giving greater development than normal.
This permits shooting at a dimmer light level, a faster shutter, or a smaller
aperture that would otherwise be possible.
Push Processing
Increasing the development time of a film to increase its effective speed (raising
the ISO number for initial exposure) for low-light situations; forced development.
Rangefinder
A device included on many cameras as an aid in focusing.
Reflector
Any device used to reflect light onto a subject.
Reflected Light
Light bounced off a subject, not falling on it (incident light).
Reciprocity
Most films are designed to be exposed within a certain range of exposure times-usually
between 1/15 second to 1/1000 second. When exposure times fall outside of this
range-becoming either significantly longer or shorter-a film's characteristics
may change. Loss of effective film speed, contrast changes, and (with colour
films) colour shifts are the three common results. These changes are called
reciprocity effect.
Reciprocity failure
In photographic emulsions occurs when exposure times fall outside a films normal
range. At these times an increase in exposure is required in addition to the
assessed amount. This can be achieved either by increasing intensity or time.
Reciprocity law
States that exposure = intensity x times, where intensity is equal to the amount
of light and time is equal to the time that amount of light is allowed to act
upon the photographic emulsion.
Recycling time
Is the time it takes a flash unit to recharge between firings.
Red eye
The appearance of deep red dots in the eyes of human and animal photographic
subjects. Redeye is is caused by the flash reflecting off the retina in their
eyes. It can be prevented by adjusting the camera angle, being sure the subject
does not look straight at the flash, or with a redeye-reducing pre-flash. The
pre-flash causes the subjects' pupils to contract, reducing the visible retina
and thus the possibility of light reflecting from it.
Red-eye Reduction
Mode
A special flash mode whereby a pre-flash or a series of low-powered flashes
are emitted before the main flash goes off to expose the picture. This causes
the pupil in the human eye to close and helps eliminate red-eye.
Reducers
Are solution which removes silver from negatives and prints. They are used to
diminish density and alter contrast on a photographic emulsion.
Reducing agent
Is a chemical in a developing solution which converts exposed silver halides
to black metallic silver.
Reflected light
reading
Is a measurement by a light meter of the amount of reflected light being bounced
off the subject. The light meter is pointed towards the subject.
Refractive index
Is a numerical value indicating the light bending power of a medium such as
glass. The greater the bending power, the greater the refractive index.
Reflections
Are rays of light which strikes a surface and bounce back again. Specular reflection
occurs on even, polished surfaces; diffuse reflection occurs on uneven surfaces,
when light scatters.
Reflector
Any material or surface that reflects light. Reflectors are often used in photography
to soften the effect of the main light or to bounce illumination into subjects
shadows.
Refractive index
Is a numerical value indicating the light bending power of a medium such as
glass. The greater the bending power, the greater the refractive index.
Refresh rate
The rate at which an image is redrawn on a CRT. This is needed because the phosphors
at each pixel are stimulated by the electron gun for only a brief time. The
faster the refresh rate, the more stable an image will appear on the screen.
Registration marks
Small crosshair on film used to align individual layers of film negatives.
Replenisher
A substance added to some types of developers after use to replace exhausted
chemicals so that the developer can be used again.
Resin Coated Paper
Photographic paper with the emulsion coated in a resin (plastic). Processing
times are shorter than for other papers, but the paper may not exhibit the same
archival permanence of fibre based paper.
(See other paper types: variable contrast, graded contrast, fibre based.)
Resolving power
The resolving power of a lens is a measure of its ability to closely spaced
objects so they are recognizable as individual objects. It is determined by
photographing a series of closely spaced lines, measuring the spacing between
the most closely spaced lines that appear separate on film. The resolving power
is expressed as the number of lines pairs per millimetre.
Reticulation
Cracking or distorting of the emulsion during processing, usually caused by
wide temperature or chemical-activity differences between the solutions.
Retouching
Altering a print or negative after development by use of dyes or pencils to
alter tones of highlights, shadows, and other details, or to remove blemishes.
Reversal
A process for making a positive image directly from film exposed in the camera;
also for making a negative image directly from a negative or a positive image
from a positive transparency.
Reversal film
Film that produces a positive image (transparency) on exposure and development.
Rim-lighting
Lighting in which the subject appears outlined against a dark background. Usually
the light source is above and behind the subject, but rimlit photographs can
look quite different from conventional backlit images, in which the background
is usually bright.
Ring flash
A circular-shaped electronic flash unit that fits around a lens and provides
shadowless, uniform frontal lighting, especially useful in close-up photography.
Ring light
A circular lamp or bundles of optical fibres arranged around the perimeter of
an objective lens to illuminate the object in the field below it. A wide variety
of sizes are available on both a stock and custom basis.
Rinse
Is a brief clean water wash between steps of a processing cycle to reduce carry-over
of one solution into another.
Rule of thirds
A general composition guideline that divides the negative frame into thirds
horizontally and vertically to position the subject.
Safelight
An enclosed darkroom lamp fitted with a filter to screen out light rays to which
film and paper are sensitive.
Safety film
A photographic film whose base is fire-resistant or slow burning. At the present
time, the terms "safety film" are synonymous.
Saturation
An attribute of perceived colour, or the percentage of hue in a colour. Saturated
colours are called vivid, strong, or deep. De-saturated colours are called dull,
weak, or washed out.
Selective Focus
Choosing a lens opening that produces a shallow depth of field. Usually this
is used to isolate a subject by causing most other elements in the scene to
be blurred.
Self-timer
Mechanism delaying the opening of the shutter for some seconds after the release
has been operated. Also known as delayed action.
Sensitive
In photography, refers to materials that react to the actinic power of light.
Sensitometer
An instrument with which a photographic emulsion is given a graduated series
of exposure to light of controlled spectral quality, intensity, and duration.
Depending upon whether the exposures vary in brightness or duration, the instrument
may be called an intensity scale or a time scale sensitometer.
Sensitometry
Is the scientific study of the response of photographic materials to exposure
and development. It establishes emulsion speeds and recommended development
and processing times.
Shadow Detail
Important dark areas (shadows) of a scene in which detail must be recorded (exposed)
onto the film. Shadows are represented on a negative by sparse deposits of black
metallic silver, reproducing as the dark areas on a print. (Also see highlight
separation.)
Sheet film
Film that is cut into individual flat piece. Used in large format view camera,
with sizes like 4x5, 8x10 and 11x14 inches. Also called cut film.
Shelf life
Is the length of time unused material or chemicals will remain fresh.
Shift
Movement on large format camera ( or special " shift lens " in other
formats ) which can eliminate converging angles.
Shooting distance
Refers to the distance between the subject and the film plane.
Shutter
Blades, a curtain, plate, or some other movable cover in a camera that controls
the time during which light reaches the film.
Shutter Priority
An exposure mode on an automatic or auto focus camera that lets you select the
desired shutter speed; the camera sets the aperture for proper exposure. If
you change the shutter speed, or the light level changes, the camera adjusts
the aperture automatically.
Shutter release
The mechanical or electromechanical button that releases the shutter and takes
the exposure.
Shutter speeds
The duration that the shutter is held open during an exposure. A typical range
is from 1 full second to 1/1000 of a second. Combined with the lens aperture
it controls the total amount of exposure.
Side lighting
Light striking the subject from the side relative to the position of the camera;
produces shadows and highlights to create modeling on the subject.
Simple Camera
A camera that has few or no adjustments to be made by the picture-taker. Usually,
simple cameras have only one size of lens opening and one or two shutter speeds
and do not require focusing by the picture-taker.
Single-Lens-Reflex (SLR) Camera
A camera in which you view the scene through the same lens that takes the picture.
Silhouette
A dark image outlined against a lighter background.
Silver Halides
Generic name for a group of light sensitive compounds of silver combined with
a halogen, such as bromine, chlorine, iodine, or fluorine. Silver halides change
from white to black metallic silver when exposed to light.
Skylight filter
A UV filter with a pale rose tinge to it eliminate a blue colour cast caused
by haze, it may be kept in place permanently to protect the lens from dust and
scratching.
Slide
A transparency (often a positive image in colour) mounted between glass or in
a frame of cardboard or other material so that it may be inserted into a projector.
Slide film
Film used in making slides. Also known as " Transparency film ," "
Positive film " or " Reversal film. "
Slow film
Is film having an emulsion with low sensitivity to light. Typically films having
an ISO or 50 or less.
Slow lens
Film which has a small maximum aperture. (i.e. f8 )
Snapshot
An informal photograph, especially one taken quickly by a simple, hand-held
camera.
Sodium thiosulfate
The active ingredient in most fixer.
Soft Developer
A paper developer that can be used alone or in combination with other developers
(two-bath development) to achieve more subtle contrast control. Commonly used
with graded papers to achieve intermediate grades, that is, to soften the contrast.
(See paper types: variable contrast, graded contrast, resin coated, fibre based.)
Soft Focus
Produced by use of a special lens that creates soft outlines.
Soft Lighting
Lighting that is low or moderate in contrast, such as on an overcast day.
Specular highlight
A bright reflection from a light source containing little or no detail.
Specular reflection
Light rays that are highly redirected at or near the same angle of incidence
to a surface. Observation at this angle allows the viewer to "see"
the light source.
Speed
A measure of the sensitivity to light of a photographic emulsion.
Spherical aberration
Light passing through a convex lens will be brought to different focus depending
upon whether the light passes through near the centre of the lens or closer
to the periphery. Lens designers strive to correct this kind of zonal aberration
to bring peripheral and near-central rays to a common focus.
Spotting
Retouching a processed print with a pencil or brush (with watercolours or dyes)
to eliminate spots left by dust or scratches on the negative.
Spotlight
Is an artificial light source using a fresnel lens, reflector, and simple focusing
system to produce a strong beam of light of controllable width.
Spot meter
An exposure meter that measures the light reflected from a small area of the
subject Hand-held spot meters may measure an area as small as one degree; those
built into the camera may measure a somewhat larger area.
Stabilizer
A processing solution used in colour processing to make the dyes produced by
development more stables.
Stain
Discoloured areas on film or paper. Usually caused by contaminated developing
solutions or by insufficient fixing, washing, or agitation.
Standard lens
Lens with a focal length approximately equal to the diagonal of the film format
with which it is used. With 35mm this is usually 50mm.
Step wedge
A printed series of density increases, in regular steps from transparent to
opaque. its a method of making exposure tests when enlarging.
Stock Photos
An already existing picture that can be purchased for use instead of having
a photograph specifically made.
Stock solution
A concentrated chemical solution that is diluted before use.
Stop Bath
An acid rinse, usually a weak solution of acetic acid, used as a second step
when developing black-and-white film or paper. It stops development and makes
the hypo (fixing bath) last longer.
Stopping Down
Changing the lens aperture to a smaller opening; for example, from f/8 to f/11.
Subtractive colour
Combining cyan, magenta and yellow inks (or other colorants) to create black;
each ink subtracts from the white incident light, until nothing is left except
black.
Swing back / front
term used to describe the movable lens and back panels of most view and monorail
cameras. They allow manipulation of perspective and depth of field.
Sync cord
An electrical cord connecting a flash unit with a camera so that the two can
be synchronized.
T (setting)
Setting that holds the camera shutter open until the shutter dial is turned
or release is press the second time. This setting differs from " B"
(Bulb) that is usually is a stand alone setting and never drains the battery
power and thus ideal for really long time exposures.
Telephoto Lens
A lens that makes a subject appear larger on film than does a normal lens at
the same camera-to-subject distance. A telephoto lens has a longer focal length
and narrower field of view than a normal lens.
Tempering bath
Large tank or deep tray filled with water maintained at the correct temperature
for processing. Used to house tanks, drums or trays as well as containers of
processing solutions.
Test Strip
A strip of printing paper that is given a series of incremental exposure times
(such as 3, 6, 9, 12 seconds) in order to determine the ideal base exposure
time.
T-Grain technology
Trademark for patented Kodak film emulsion technology.
Thin Negative
A negative that is underexposed or underdeveloped (or both). A thin negative
appears less dense than a normal negative.
Threaded lens
Some cameras, such as compact cameras, allow the addition of additional lenses
to increase the telephoto range or allow greater magnification for macro work.
The most convenient way to add these accessory lenses is by means of a threaded
lens. The end of the lens housing has threads that these other lens can thread
into, which an adapter can be attached to accept the accessory lenses.
Through-The-Lens
Focusing
Viewing a scene to be photographed through the same lens that admits light to
the film. Through-the-lens viewing, as in a single-lens-reflex (SLR) camera,
while focusing and composing a picture, eliminates parallax.
Through-The-Lens Metering
Meter built into the camera determines exposure for the scene by reading light
that passes through the lens during picture-taking.
Time Exposure
A comparatively long exposure made in seconds or minutes.
Tint
Shades of white in a finished print, controlled by the colour of the paper,
varying from white to buff.
Tone
The degree of lightness or darkness in any given area of a print; also referred
to as value. Cold tones (bluish) and warm tones (reddish) refer to the colour
of the image in both black-and-white and colour photographs. A black and white
photograph is made up of a series of grey tones. Controlling these tones allows
us to control the nature of the photograph, both emotionally and technically.
Since the number of grey tones is so large it needs to be broken down from a
continuous range to a series of distinct zones. These zones make up what is
known as the Zone System.
Tonal Values, Tonal
Range
The range of tone (zones) within a particular area or scene.
Toning
Intensifying or changing the tone of a photographic print after processing.
Solutions called toners are used to produce various shades of colours. Soaking
the print in selenium to help darken the black areas and give the print an overall
feeling of "richness". Other tonal techniques include burning, dodging,
flashing, and bleaching.
Transmitted Light
Light which is passed through a transparent or translucent medium.
Transparency
A positive photographic image on film; viewed or projected by transmitted light
(light shining through film).
Transparent magnetic
layer
Information storage layer built into Advanced Photo System film that enables
enhanced information exchange capabilities, improving print quality by capturing
lighting and scene information and other picture-taking data; basis for future
information exchange features.
Tripod
A three-legged supporting stand used to hold the camera steady. Especially useful
when using slow shutter speeds and/or telephoto lenses.
TTL flash
Through the lens ( TTL ) automatic flash output control uses a light sensor
that measures the flash intensity through the lens, as reflected by the subject
on the film, then shuts off the flash when the measurement indicates a correct
exposure.
Tungsten Light
Light from regular room lamps and ceiling fixtures, not fluorescent.
Two-Bath Development
The use of two different developers to alter the contrast in a print.
(See soft developer, hard developer.)
Type A film
Colour film balance to produce accurate colour renditions when the light source
that illuminates the scene, has a colour temperature of about 3400K as does
a photoflood.
Type B film
See tungsten film.
Ultraviolet
The part of the spectrum just beyond violet. Ultraviolet light is invisible
to the human eye but strongly affects photographic materials.
Under-development
Is a reduction in the degree of development. It is usually caused by shortened
development time or a decrease in the temperature of the solution. It results
in a loss of density and a reduction in image contrast.
Underexposure
A condition in which too little light reaches the film, producing a thin negative,
a dark slide, or a muddy-looking print.
Unicode or Monopod.
A one-legged support used to hold the camera steady.
UV filter
Is a filter which is used to absorb ultraviolet (UV) radiation.
Vacuum back
Is a camera back with a perforated plate through which air is drawn by a pump.
A sheet of film is therefore sucked flat against the plate and held firmly during
exposure used for special large format cameras such as copying devices where
dimensional accuracy is critical.
Vacuum easel
Is a compact printing frame which ensures firm contact between the film and
paper by excluding air between the surfaces. Some types are used to hold up
the paper flat on the enlarger baseboard when enlarging.
Value
A measure from white to black, the higher the value, the darker the image.
Vapour lamp
A lamp containing a gas or vapour that glows with light when an electric current
passes through it. Mercury, neon and sodium vapour lamps produce strongly coloured
light. The light from fluorescent tubes is closer to daylight.
Vanishing point
Is the point at which parallel lines, viewed obliquely, appear to converge in
the distance.
Variable-Contrast
Paper
Photographic paper that provides different grades of contrast when exposed through
special filters.
View camera
Is a large format camera which has a ground glass screen at the image plane
for viewing and focusing.
Viewfinder
(See Finder)
Vignette
A fall-off in brightness at the edges of an image or print. Can be caused by
poor lens design. Using a lens hood not matched to the lens. Attaching too many
filters to the front of the lens.
Vignetting
Is a printing technique where the edges of the picture are gradually faded out
to black or white. It also refers to a fall off in illumination at the edges
of an image, such as may be caused by a lens hood or similar attachment partially
blocking the field of view of the lens.
Visible light
The portion of the electromagnetic spectrum that the human eye can see.
Wide-Angle Lens
A lens that has a shorter focal length, and a wider field of view, than a standard
lens.
Working (strength)
Solution
Diluted photographic chemicals ready for use. These tend to be 'one-shot' i.e.
use then throw away. Some, such as fixers, some toners, stop baths etc can be
re-used.
Zoom Lens
A lens in which the focal length can be altered. In effect, this gives you lenses
of many focal lengths.
Zone System
Invented by Ansel Adams and Fred Archer in the 1940's, the Zone System is a
means of making an exposure in a scientifically accurate manner. The Zone system
breaks the black and white tones into 10 zones or "scales" ranging
from complete black with no visible texture (Zone I) to pure white with no visible
texture (Zone X). Zone V is the middle grey tone. The Zone System of Exposure
is widely used today.
